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Objective@#The study was aimed at exploring the latent classes and factors influencing middle school students health risk behaviors in Beijing, so as to provide a scientific basis for determining key intervention targets and formulating relevant intervention measures.@*Methods@#A questionnaire survey was conducted among 17 730 junior middle school, senior high school and vocational high school students in 16 districts of Beijing from October to December 2022. Six types of health risk behaviors were assessed with latent class analysis, including unhealthy diet, lack of exercise, unintentional harm, intentional harm, substance abuse and Internet addiction behavior.@*Results@#The latent classes of health risk behavior among middle school students in Beijing were divided into three classes:high risk behavior (961 participants, 5.42%), low lack of exercise/high intentional injury (1 099 participants, 6.20%), and low risk behavior (15 670 participants, 88.38%). Disordered multiple Logistic regression analysis indicated that middle school students who were male ( OR =1.45), in high school ( OR =2.00), had other family types ( OR =1.90), possibly had depressed feelings ( OR =2.27), had depressed feelings ( OR =6.18), or were absent from school because of illness in the past year ( OR =1.79) were more likely to be in the high risk than the low risk behavior group. Moreover, middle school students who were male ( OR =2.30), had an extended family ( OR =1.18), had a reorganized family ( OR =1.70), had other family types ( OR =1.94), possibly had depressed feelings ( OR =3.10), had depressed feelings ( OR =4.91), had taken sick leave in the prior 2 weeks ( OR =1.54), or had absence from school because of illness in the past year ( OR =1.71) were relatively more likely to be in the low lack of exercise or high intentional injury group ( P <0.05).@*Conclusion@#Clear latent classes of health risk behaviors among middle school students are found to be present in differing proportions in Beijing. Relevant departments should take targeted intervention measures in a timely manner to reduce the occurrence of health risk behaviors among middle school students.
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Apolipoprotein A-I (ApoA-I), the main protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a pivotal role in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT). Previous studies indicated a reduction of serum ApoA-I levels in various types of cancer, suggesting ApoA-I as a potential cancer biomarker. Herein, ectopically overexpressed ApoA-I in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells was observed to have antitumor effects, inhibiting cell proliferation and migration. Subsequent studies on the mechanism of expression regulation revealed that estradiol (E2)/estrogen receptor α (ERα) signaling activates
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Objective To investigate the distribution and drug resistance of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae ( CRE) isolated from children in China. Methods CRE strains were collected in 10 ter-tiary children's hospitals of China from January 1, 2016 to December 31, 2017. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the clinical strains was detected with disk diffusion method ( KB method) and automated method. The re-sults were analyzed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute ( CLSI) Standards published in 2017. WHONET 5. 6 software was used to retrospectively analyze the distribution characteristics and drug resistance of these strains. Results A total of 3065 CRE clinical strains were isolated from children with an overall prevalence of 7. 7％ and among them, 13. 5％ were isolated in neonatal group and 5. 8％ in non-neo-natal group. The detection rate of CRE in 2017 was higher than that in 2016 (9. 7％ vs 5. 7％). Among the 3065 CRE strains, there were 1912 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (62. 0％), 667 strains of Escherichia coli (22. 0％), 206 strains of Enterobacter cloacae (7. 0％), 56 strains of Klebsiella aerogenes (1. 8％) and 47 strains of Serratia marcescens (1. 5％). Most of the strains were isolate in neonatology departments including neonatal intensive care units (NICU) and intensive care units (ICU), accounting for 44. 8％ and 19. 7％, respectively. Respiratory tract (61. 8％), urine (19. 4％) and blood (5. 7％) specimens were the main sources of CRE isolates. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that the CRE strains were highly resistant to carbapenem antibiotics such as imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem, as well as penicillins and most cephalosporins (79. 6％-100％), especially those isolated in the neonatal group (P<0. 05). Children had relatively low resistance rates to aminoglycosides such as amikacin (19. 7％) and fos-fomycin (11. 9％), fluoroquinolones such as levofloxacin (37. 7％) and ciprofloxacin (43. 3％), and tige-cycline (3. 8％). Currently, no polymyxin B-resistant strains were isolated. Conclusions The prevalence of common CRE strains in children in 2017 was higher than that in 2016, especially in newborns. Drug re-sistance in CRE strains isolated from neonates to common antibiotics was more severe, suggesting that great attention should be paid to it and timely measures should also be taken.
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Echinococcus granulosus is an important zoonotic parasite globally causing cystic echinococcosis (CE) in humans and animals. In this study, prevalence of CE and variation of cox1 gene sequence were analyzed with isolates E. granulosus collected from different areas in northern Xinjiang, China. The survey showed that 3.5% of sheep and 4.1% of cattle were infected with CE. Fragment of cox1 was amplified from all the positive sheep and cattle samples by PCR. In addition, 26 positive samples across the 4 areas were included. The isolates were all E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) containing 15 haplotypes (Hap1-15), and clustered into 2 genotypes, G1 (90.1%, 91/101) and G3 (9.9%, 10/101). Hap1 was the most common haplotype (48.5%, 49/101). Hap9 were found in humans samples, indicating that sheep and cattle reservoir human CE. It is indicate that E. granulosus may impact on control of CE in livestock and humans in the region.
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Animals , Cattle , Humans , China , Cross-Sectional Studies , Echinococcosis , Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcus , Genotype , Haplotypes , Livestock , Parasites , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Prevalence , SheepABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of chronic fluoride and arsenic co-exposure on bone morphogenetic proteins 2 (BMP-2) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) gene expressions of bone tissue in rats. Methods One hundred and sixty 8-week-old clean-grade Wistar rats weighting (200 ± 50) g were randomly divided into 16 groups by weight via the random number table method of 10 rats in each group by 2 × 4 factorial experimental design (half female and half male), and treated with different doses of fluoride, arsenite and fluoride plus arsenite in deionized water (untreated control group with 0.0 mg/kg fluoride and 0.0 mg/kg arsenite; low-, moderate- and high-fluoride groups were supplemented with 5.0, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg fluoride and 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg arsenite) for 6 months. Rats were divided into control (F0.0As0.0), low fluorine (F5.0As0.0), moderate fluorine (F10.0As0.0), high fluorine (F20.0As0.0), low arsenic (F0.0As2.5), moderate arsenic (F0.0As5.0), high arsenic (F0.0As10.0), low fluorine and low arsenic (F5.0As2.5), low fluorine and moderate arsenic (F5.0As5.0), low fluorine and high arsenic (F5.0As10.0), moderate fluorine and low arsenic (F10.0As2.5), moderate fluorine and moderate arsenic (F10.0As5.0), moderate fluorine and high arsenic (F10.0As10.0), high fluorine and low arsenic (F20.0As2.5), high fluorine and moderate arsenic (F20.0As5.0), high fluorine and high arsenic (F20.0As10.0) groups. The concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) and urinary arsenic (UAs) were determined as exposure biomarkers via the fluoride ion selective electrode method and the flame atomic fluorescence method. The mRNA expressions of BMP-2 and Runx2 were measured with quantitive real-time PCR. Results There were no dental fluorosis found in F0.0As0.0, F0.0As2.5, F0.0As5.0 and F0.0As10.0 groups, and there was a dose-response relationship between the occurrence of dental fluorosis and fluoride doses. Under exposure of fluorine and arsenic combined with high dose of fluorine (20.0 mg/kg), with increasing of arsenic exposure doses, the degree of injury of dental fluorosis increased (χ2 = 9.124, P < 0.05). Compared with F0.0As0.0 (0.99 ± 0.08, 0.99 ± 0.07), the mRNA expressions of BMP-2 (1.01 ± 0.07, 1.06 ± 0.06, 1.21 ± 0.05) and Runx2 (1.03 ± 0.04, 1.24 ± 0.03, 1.33 ± 0.10) in F5.0As0.0, F10.0As0.0, F20.0As0.0 groups were increased with increasing of fluoride doses. Fluoride had a significant effect on mRNA expressions of BMP-2 and Runx2 (F=3.067, 2.927, P<0.05). There was a significant interaction between fluoride and arsenic combination and BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expression levels (F = 3.817, 4.802, P < 0.05). Conclusion When rat is co-exposed to fluorine and arsenic, fluorine plays a leading role on BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expressions, and arsenic is indirectly involved in fluoride-induced bone toxicity; fluorine and arsenic has a antagonistic effect on BMP-2 and Runx2 mRNA expressions.
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Objective To analyze the role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in bone toxicity in rats co-exposed to fluoride and arsenite.Methods One hundred and ninety-two 8-week-old clean-grade Wistar rats weighing (200 ± 50) g were divided into 16 groups by weight using random number table method of 12 rats in each group by 2 × 4 factorial experimental design (half female and half male),and treated with different doses of fluoride,arsenite and fluoride plus arsenite in deionized water (untreated control group containing 0.0 mg/kg fluoride and 0.0 mg/kg arsenite;low-,moderate-,and high-fluoride groups supplemented with 5.0,10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg fluoride and 2.5,5.0 and 10.0 mg/kg arsenite) for 6 months.Rats were divided into control (F0As0),low fluorine (F5.0As0),moderate fluoride (F10.0As0),high fluoride (F20.0As0),low arsenic (F0As2.5),moderate arsenic (F0As5.0),high arsenic (F0As10.0),low fluorine and low arsenic (F5.0As2.5),low fluorine and moderate arsenic (F5.0As5.0),low fluorine and high arsenic (F5.0As10.0),moderate fluorine and low arsenic (F10.0As2.5),moderate fluorine and moderate arsenic (F10.0As5.0),moderate fluorine and high arsenic (F10.0As10.0),high fluorine and low arsenic (F20.0As2.5),high fluorine and moderate arsenic (F20.0As5.0),high fluorine and high arsenic (F20.0As10.0) groups.The protein expressions of OPG and RANKL in bone were measured via the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.The mRNA expressions of OPG and RANKL were measured with quantitative real-time PCR.Results Compared with F0As0 [(2.678 ± 0.136) ng/mg,(29.658 ± 0.662) pg/mg],the protein expressions of OPG [(2.857 ± 0.162),(2.983 ± 0.272),(3.117 ± 0.143) ng/mg],and RANKL [(32.533 ± 0.999),(32.698 ± 1.932),(33.331 ± 1.140) pg/mg] in F5.0As0,F10.0As0,F20.0As0 were increased with increasing of fluoride doses;increased first and then decreased was observed in levels of RANKL protein [(32.348 ± 2.838),(31.589 ±1.359),(28.843 ± 1.908) pg/mg] in F0As2.5,F0As5.0,F0As10.0 with increasing of arsenic doses (P＜0.05).Compared with F0As0 (0.83 ± 0.19,0.92 ± 0.23),the mRNA expressions of OPG (1.14 ± 0.27,1.33 ± 0.39,1.69 ± 0.77) and RANKL (1.02 ± 0.21,1.17 ± 0.15,1.25 ± 0.31) in F5.0As0,F10.0As0,F20.0As0 were increased with increasing of fluoride dose.Fluoride had a significant effect on protein and mRNA expressions of OPG and RANKL (F=11.530,21.765,6.320,3.543,P ＜ 0.05).There was interaction between fluoride and arsenite on the expressions of RANKL protein and mRNA,OPG protein (F =9.496,2.217,3.375,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion When rat is co-exposed to fluorine and arsenic,fluorine plays a leading role in regulating RANKL and OPG,and arsenic is indirectly involved in the fluorine bone toxicity in rats,fluorine and arsenic has a antagonistic effect on OPG and RANKL expressions.
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Objective To investigate the potential of substrate elasticity in regulating rapid differentiation of HepaRG cells into hepatocyte-like cells ,and further provide hepatocytes for bioartificial liver. Methods The substrate elasticity was divided into 4 groups. The expressions of albumin(ALB)were detected by albumin-green fluorescent protein-reporter system (ALB-GFP-reporter system) and Image J software;the cell morphology was observed by microscope and the amounts of cell were detected by cell Titer-Blue cell viability assay kit (alamar blue). Results The results of ALB showed that at the 4th hour,the expressions of ALB inside the HepaRG cells between 4s group and 8s group,16 s group and Glass group were not statistically different (t = 0.791,1.389, 2.481,P>0.05);at the 4th day,the expressions of 4s group had statistical differences in comparison with those of 16s group and Glass group(t = 12.41,12.52,P 0.05);at the 7th day,the expressions of 4s group were statistically different from those of 8s group,16s group and Glass group(t=3.266,6.725,8.005,P0.05). Conclusion Soft substrate can promote differentiation of HepaRG cells.
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Objective To investigate the effect of glutamine in combination with umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells ( MSCs) transplantation on intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats.Methods Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells were isolated, and were labeled with CM-DiI fluorescent dye.Eighty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into normal control group, ischemia reperfusion injury group, glutamine group, MSCs transplantation group and combined group with 15 rats in each group.The control group received saline enema.The injury group was treated with TNBS ( ethanol dilution) enema.The glutamine group at 1 h after TNBS received intravenous injection of 0.45 g/kg glutamine.The rats of MSCs transplantation group had tail vein injection of 1 ×1010/L umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell suspension, and the combined group received intravenous injection of glutamine 0.45 g/kg and 1 ×1010/L umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cell suspension.ELISA was used to detect the midgut fatty acid binding protein (iFABP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) content in the rat serum.The water content of intestinal tissue was detected at 1 h and 3 h after reperfusion in each group.The expressions of NF-kB, Bcl-2 and caspase-3 mRNA and proteins in the rat intestinal epithelial cells after treated with glutamine in combination with MSCs were detected by RT-PCR and Western blot assays.Results The fluorescent tracer method revealed that the transplanted MSCs cells were distributed in the intestinal mucosal lymphoid tissues and glandular epithelial cells, indicating that MSCs might be involved in the repair process of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury.The content of serum IFABP and IL-6 in the injured group was significantly higher than that in the control group, while significantly reduced in the glutamine group, MSCs transplantation group and combined group, with the most obvious in the combined group.The content of SOD in the injury group was significantly lower than that in the control group, and significantly increased than that in the glutamine group, MSCs transplantation group, with the most striking in the combined group ( P0.05).Compared with the control group, the caspase-3 and NF-kB mRNA and protein expressions in the intestinal mucosal epithelial cells of the injury group were significantly increased, and the expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA and protein were significantly reduced ( P 0.05), but there was a significant difference between these two groups and the combined group (P<0.05).Conclusions After treated with glutamine and MSCs transplantation, the degree of intestinal ischemia reperfusion injury is obviously reduced in rats.It may be mediated through inhibiting the expression of caspase-3 and NF-kB and promoting the expression of Bcl-2.
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BACKGROUND:Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s can repair intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injuny by interfering inflammatory reactions after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion to protect intestinal barrier functions. In recent years, umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel s are gradual y used as a substitute source of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cel s. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effects of umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel s on acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS:Umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel s were induced, isolated in vitro and tracked by CM-DiI fluorescent labeling. Sixty-three Sprague-Dawley rats were equivalently randomized into three groups:control group received normal saline enema, intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury group with ethanol diluted trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid and transplantation group administrated with 1×1010/L umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel suspension via the tail vein at 1 hour after trinitro-benzene-sulfonic acid modeling. At 3 days after transplantation, colon tissues were removed in each group to observe pathological changes of the intestinal tract by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Besides, expression of leptin mRNA in the colon tissues and cyclooxygenase-2 in the mucosa were detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry method, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Transplanted umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel s distributed in the intestinal lymphoid tissue and among glandular epithelial cel s, suggesting that these stem cel s might be involved in the process of intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury repair. Compared with the control group, intestinal injury in the injury group was significantly aggravated, and most intestinal epithelial cel s shed;and the transplantation group appeared to have significantly reduced intestinal damage and significantly less cel shedding. Expression of leptin mRNA was significantly higher in the injury group than the transplantation group fol owed by the control group, and there were significant differences among the three groups (P<0.05). Additional y, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in the injury group was significantly higher than that in the control group (P<0.05);compared with the injury group, expression of cyclooxygenase-2 was significantly lower in the transplantation group (P<0.05). To conclude, leptin and cyclooxygenase-2 may be involved in acute intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, and umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cel transplantation significantly lessens intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury, which provides an experimental basis for human treating acute intestinal ischemic injury.
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Saussurea medusa is a rare traditional Chinese medicinal herb, of which luteolin is the niain active medicinal compound for cancer prevention and treatment. A full-length FNSII gene, namely SmFNSII (GenBank Accession No. KF170286), was obtained from green cell line of Saussurea medusa by RT-PCR and RACE-PCR. Sequence analysis indicated that SmFNSII is 1 710 bp in full length, containing a 34 bp 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR), a 125 bp 3'-UTR, and a 1 551 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 516 amino acid residues. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that SmFNSII belonged to subfamily CYP93B of plant cytochrome P450. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that amino acid sequences of SmFNSII shared 87% homology with the protein in Hieracium pilosella. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that SmFNSII expression is the highest in red cell line and the lowest in white cell line, corresponding to quantitative analysis of luteolin concentration. pET-SmFNSII, a prokaryotic expression recombinant plasmid, was constructed and transferred into Escherichia coli, and the expressed protein band was the same size with predicted protein. Saussurea medusa cultivars with high anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer activities and health care function would be cultivated through filtering cell lines and plants with high expression level of FNSII gene and luteolin accumulation.
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5' Untranslated Regions , Amino Acid Sequence , Cell Line , Cloning, Molecular , Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System , Genetics , Open Reading Frames , Phylogeny , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Recombination, Genetic , Saussurea , Genetics , Sequence Alignment , Sequence Analysis, ProteinABSTRACT
Saussurea medusa is a rare traditional Chinese medicinal herb. Besides anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities, it has effects of disinhibiting cold, dispelling dampness and promoting blood circulation. Flavonoids are the main medicinal compounds in S. medusa. Contents of flavonoids and expression of flavonoids biosynthesis related genes in white and red (induced by low temperature, high sucrose and high light) callus were analyzed. The results showed that the total flavone in red line was 3.60 times higher compared to white line. The accumulation of rutin in red line (0.25% of dry weight) was 2.40 times higher compared to white line. Anthocyanins were abundant in red line, with the contents of cyanidin 3-O-glucosidechloride and cyanidin 3-O-succinyl glycoside 0.12% and 0.19% of dry weight respectively. CHS, F3'H, FNS, FLS, DFR and ANS genes were highly expressed in red line compared to white line. Expression of three transcription factors (MYB, bHLH and WD40) in red line was significantly higher than that in white line, especially the expression of MYB (19.70 times higher compared to white line). These results indicated that high expression levels of transcription factors induced high expression of structural genes in red line, thereby enhancing the flavonoids biosynthesis. The expression of bHLH and WD40 was similar, whereas it was significantly different from that of MYB, indicating that bHLH and WD40 could form a binary complex to regulate expression of structural genes and flavonoids biosynthesis.
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Anthocyanins , Chemistry , Cell Line , Flavonoids , Chemistry , Glucosides , Chemistry , Plant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Saussurea , Chemistry , Genetics , Transcription Factors , Genetics , MetabolismABSTRACT
To summarize the clinical data of two cases with severe hyponatremia diagnosed as adrenal insuffiency combined with syndrome of inappropriate secret on of antidiuretic hormone(SIADH),and to review related literatures.Case 1 diagnosed as Addison's disease for 27 years and developed severe hyponatremia again but did not response well to sufficient glucocorticoid.Further examination showed SIADH caused by lung cancer and tolvaptan worked well.Case 2 was diagnosed as SIADH caused by lung cancer and responsed well to tolvaptan.However,hyponatremia reoccurred with the decreasing level of ACTH and cortisol during the chemotherapy.It was thought that hyponatremia was caused by drug-related adrenal insuffiency and glucocorticoid replacement therapy achieved good response.Both primary/secondary adrenal insuffiency and SIADH can lead to severe hyponatremia,but it is rare that the two situations exist in one patient and occur in different time.We should consider the possibility of the situations when we make differential diagnosis of refractory hyponatremia,monitoring the curative effects carefully,then correct the diagnosis timely,and reduce missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis.
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Objectives To analyze the risk factors associated with infant wheezing in Zhongshan city. Methods A multi-center, large sample of case-control study was applied and the data related to risk factors was collected by questionnaire survey. T test and chi-square test were firstly used for univariate analysis, and then the multivariate stepwise logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors associated with infant wheezing. Results A total of nine factors were found rele-vant to infant wheezing by univariate analysis including parental allergic history, way of birth, respiratory syncytial virus infec-tion, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, personal allergic history, like crying, parents have constant disagreements, home near the road, and factory around (P<0.05). Parental allergic history (OR=3.441, 95%CI:1.914-6.186, P<0.001), respiratory syncy-tial virus infection (OR=2.910, 95%CI:1.793-4.723, P<0.001), Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection (OR=2.277,95%CI:1.110-4.667, P=0.025), home near the road (OR=2.036, 95%CI:1.280-3.239, P=0.003) and like crying (OR=1.521, 95%CI:1.049-2.206, P=0.027) were approved to be the independent risk factors of infant wheezing in ZhongShan. Conclusions Nine factors have relationship with infant wheezing, including parental allergic history, respiratory syncytial virus infection, Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection, home near the road, like crying, personal allergic history, and that the former five factors are the indepen-dent risk factors.
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Adrenal hemangioma is a rare neoplasm.The clinical data of a case of adrenal cavernous hemangioma and review of related literatures are herewith presented.Adrenal cavernous hemangioma is often nonfunctioning and benign.CT and MRI show the features of hemangioma.The treatment depends on the size of the mass,and the diagnosis is based on pathology.
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To observe the effect of kidney reinforcing and blood nourishing herbal medicines in treating anovulatory sterility (AS) and its mechanism. Two hundred and seventy six cases of AS with hypopituitarism confirmed by the examination of blood sexual hormones were divided into three groups to receive the treatment of promoting ovulation. Group A was treated with modified Zhenwu Decoction and Reinforcing Qi and Nourishing Yin Powder (one dose per day) from the third day of menstrual cycle (MC) to the ovulating day; Group B with clomiphene (50mg/d) from the fifth day of MC, with human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) added, 10?000?U im in the day of follicle maturity and Group C with human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) 25 U/d im from the eighth day of MC and then with HCG added, 10 000 U im in the day of follicle maturity. After treatment, the cases were asked to have sexual intercourse for three nights. Ovulation time was monitored by ultrasound B imaging for one time every other day until follicle became maturity (1 8?cm?1 8?cm).Early pregnancy was detected by HCG test.Ninety three MC were ovulatory among 167 MC in Group A, the ovulation rate being 55 68%; 182 among 230 in Group B , the rate being 79 13% and 88 among 134 in Group C , the rate being 65 67%. Multisample ? 2 test showed that the ovulation rate in Group A was lower than that in Group B and Group C (? 2=9 345, P